History Of Organization Alcoholics Anonymous ( A.a )

History of Organization Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.) was founded in 1935 by Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Smith in Akron, Ohio, and is a spiritual based organization with the sole purpose â€Å"to stay sober and help other alcoholics achieve sobriety† threw fellowship. Alcoholic Anonymous (A.A.) foundation is built on a 12 step program that involves taking 12 step that will guarantee your sobriety (according to A.A.) because you start the 12 steps but you never end, it is designed for you to consistently work the 12 steps for the rest of your life to remain sober. There are 12 traditions with the 12 steps and this is what A.A. has taught them as they go through the program. When attending an A.A. meeting there are no membership fees or dues to pay and†¦show more content†¦3. You must make a decision to turn your life over to God. 4. Make a moral and fearless inventory of oneself. 5. Admit exactly what you have done is wrong, to God, yourself and another human being. 6. Must be ready for God to remove all the defects of character from you life 7. Humble yourself and ask him to remove your shortcomings. 8. Write a list of individual you have harmed, and be willing to make amends to all of them for frogiveness. 9. Make direct amends to people, whenever possible, but not if it will injure them. 10. You must take personal inventory when we are wrong and admitted it. 11. Seek prayer and meditation in order to improve conscious, connecting with God and praying for knowledge and understanding of his will and for the power to carry it out. 12. Having a spiritual awakenings from the result of the steps, will carry the message to alcoholics as they practice these principles in all of their affairs. (A brief Guide to Alcoholics Anonymous, P-42, copyright 1972, Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc. with permission of A.A. World Services, Inc.) The format for the 12 step meeting can be structured a little different to fit your needs but all must still adhere to the foundations of the 12 step program format for. 1. The meeting needs to be held in a quiet and uninterrupted place and fixed times to ensure consistency. 2. The person that is

Autonomic Nervous System and Obj - 8649 Words

Chapter 9 Motivation and Emotion MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Motives activate behavior and propel the organism a.|to flee.|c.|toward goals.| b.|to respond.|d.|to drives.| ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 9-188 OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Factual 2. The study of motivation is an attempt to understand __________ a behavior occurs. a.|why|c.|when| b.|how|d.|all of these| ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 9-188 OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Factual NOT: BTC 3. Psychologists define hypothetical states that activate behavior and propel one towards goals as a.|needs.|c.|drives.| b.|motives.|d.|incentives.| ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 9-188 OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Factual 4. Motives are described as hypothetical states because a.|they cannot be seen or measured directly.| b.|they cannot be measured.|†¦show more content†¦a.|drive|c.|compulsion| b.|impulse|d.|incentive| ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 9-188 OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Factual 21. Lower car insurance rates serve as a(n) __________ for good driving. a.|incentive|c.|stimulus| b.|drive|d.|motive| ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 9-188 OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Applied 22. Instinctual behavior is indicative of a.|unlearned responses.|c.|species-specific responses.| b.|genetically transmitted behaviors.|d.|all of these| ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 9-188 OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 23. The evolutionary perspective describes behaviors that a.|come naturally to a species.|c.|are nurtured.| b.|must be learned.|d.|require environmental experience.| ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 9-188 OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 24. The observation that birds reared in isolation from other birds have the capacity to build nests without observation or learning experience provides evidence for the a.|nurture theory.|c.|needs theory.| b.|evolutionary perspective.|d.|learning theory.| ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 9-188 OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 25. William McDougall (1908) compiled a list of 12 human _________ that included hunger, sex, and self-assertion. a.|impulses|c.|incentives| b.|releasers|d.|instincts| ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 9-188 OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual 26. Research regarding human instincts agrees with all of the following EXCEPT: a.|Human behavior is biologically influenced but not controlled.| b.|There are 12 basic human instincts.| c.|The question regarding humanShow MoreRelatedChapter 2 Biology and Psychology Essay9060 Words   |  37 Pagespossible without the functioning of the nervous system? a. ideals, thoughts, and plans c. behaviors, emotions, and cognitions b. imagery and cognitions d. all of these ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 2-26 OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 2. A(n) _________ is a nerve cell. a. axon c. dendrite b. neuron d. glial cell ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 2-26 OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Factual NOT: BTC 3. ________ remove dead neurons and waste products from the nervous system, nourish and insulate neurons, and

The Success Of New Ventures - 1354 Words

I have come across ads, and have seen tag lines such as â€Å"own your own business now† attached to advertisements pushing the sale of franchises or becoming an entrepreneur. It is a fallacy. A franchise owner is not necessarily an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs are good business people. They are visionaries who take the time to plan, and the time to participate in the day to day activities needed to achieve long term objectives, and who are passionate about an idea; all of these lead to a successful entrepreneur. Research shows the reasons for success in new ventures are attributed to: 1. Positive response to challenges and mistakes, 2. Personal initiative, and 3. Perseverance, all of which a successful entrepreneur embodies. Most necessary is an entrepreneur’s full commitment to his ideas and efforts in order to survive the constant pressures that they face, from the start up stage, to staying alive in business, through the growth stage. Successful entrepreneurs share seven common dominant themes or core attributes that describe their attitudes and ways of thinking and acting. Those attributes are commitment and determination, courage, leadership, opportunity obsession, tolerance of risk, ambiguity, and uncertainty, creativity, self-reliance and adaptability, and the motivation to excel. All of the behaviors inherent in these attributes can be nurtured, learned, and encouraged. Entrepreneurs have moral strength and principles, and they are fearless experimenters. IShow MoreRelatedAmerican Rice Inc. in Vietnam Essay1362 Words   |  6 Pagesallowed ARI to expand internationally and enter new markets. This expansion within the same industry was necessary for ARI in order to achieve an economy of scale. This venture brings ARI a larger customer base, bigger facilities, the first American rice maker in Vietnam, a larger work force, lower cost production, new relationships with suppliers and customers, and tax benefits as a result of the joint venture. ARI’s main input for the joint venture is to set up a management team that will run theRead MoreA Plan For A Business Plan Essay1573 Words   |  7 Pagesthe new venture will undertake in the initial years (Chwolka Raith, 2012). The general belief is that for a company to be successful, it must begin by having a business plan. Published research papers have conflicting results on effects of a business plan for the success of start-up companies. On the one hand, some authors believe that a company that writes a business plan survives the initial five years. On the contrary, other authors believe that there is no link between business success andRead MoreA Plan For A Business Plan Essay1571 Words   |  7 Pagesthe new venture will undertake in the initial years (Chwolka Raith, 2012). The general belief is that for a company to be successful, it must begin by having a business plan. Published research papers have conflicting results on effects of a business plan f or the success of start-up companies. On the one hand, some authors believe that a company that writes a business plan survives the initial five years. On the contrary, other authors believe that there is no link between business success andRead MoreA Plan For A Business Plan Essay1571 Words   |  7 Pagesthe new venture will undertake in the initial years (Chwolka Raith, 2012). The general belief is that for a company to be successful, it must begin by having a business plan. Published research papers have conflicting results on effects of a business plan for the success of start-up companies. On the one hand, some authors believe that a company that writes a business plan survives the initial five years. On the contrary, other authors believe that there is no link between business success andRead MoreSprinkles: Leading a Sweet Trend1647 Words   |  7 Pageshigh degree of uncertainty. This is the case for the Nelson’s. To bring the cupcake concept to L.A. during a time that the United States was deeply influenced by the â€Å"South Beach Diet† a diet that inspired low-carb eating was a major risk to take. Success in the beginning was uncertain yet they quit their jobs and made a go of it. Having a high energy level is critical in any small business. Hard work was something the Nelson’s were used to. They both were obviously college educated and I am sure itRead MorePlanning For Long Term Success1014 Words   |  5 Pages2 Planning for Long-Term Success Planning for Long-Term Success Genia Moses Dr. Paul Frankenhauser Strayer University August 14, 2016 A successful business is like a road map covering all the highways and streets of the organization. The organization must be able to give a complete plan of the necessary task to keep the business moving from stage to stage. There are critical developing task to successfully grow in each stage of the business life term. An organization can start with a strong foundationRead MoreSprinkles: Leading a Sweet Trend1671 Words   |  7 Pageshigh degree of uncertainty. This is the case for the Nelson’s. To bring the cupcake concept to L.A. during a time that the United States was deeply influenced by the â€Å"South Beach Diet† a diet that inspired low-carb eating was a major risk to take. Success in the beginning was uncertain yet they quit their jobs and made a go of it. Having a high energy level is critical in any small business. Hard work was something the Nelson’s were used to. They both were obviously college educated and I am sure itRead MoreConcept of Entrepre neurship1455 Words   |  6 Pages‘entered and took charge’ of royal contracts. It was used widely to describe a person who lead a project which would deliver valuable benefits and bring it to completion, a person who can manage uncertainty and bring success in the face of challenges that would destroy a less well managed venture. In this early 19th century this description was altered by the French economist J. B. Say who instead focused on the business process rather than the practitioner. He said that an entrepreneur shifts economicRead MorePlanning for Long-Term Success of a Business1051 Words   |  4 PagesPlanning for Long-Term Success For business enterprises and entrepreneurs, the first major challenge is usually that of developing and establishing a successful new venture. However, the ability of these entrepreneurs to establish a new venture is dependent on some basic necessary skills. These skills include the ability to identify a market need and the capability to develop a product and/or service that could satisfy the need. When the entrepreneurs successfully conduct these essential thingsRead MoreWhy Do Japanese Companies Go for Joint Ventures in India1230 Words   |  5 Pages:: Secret to success of Indian partnership Why do Japanese companies go for joint ventures in India? IMM Jeong-Seong Senior business analyst at the POSCO Research Institute W development. hen it comes to technology, capital, management expertise, and global business experience, Japanese companies do not lag behind Korean ones. Still, they often seek partnerships with local firms when entering the Indian market. Why? The president of Wipro, one of India’s largest information technology

Graduation Speech High Education - 838 Words

A higher education has been an important priority in my life. While I realized a high school education was important, my parents expected more. They said if I wanted to succeed in life, a college education was something that I could not live without. What they don’t tell you is how exhausting and confusing the process is to get even into. First-generation Hispanic students are faced with more challenges than other ethnicities when seeking higher education. Many Hispanics face less economic and social resources than others students which make it hard for schools to be able to accommodate for these students. Often times, their parent’s socioeconomic status and lack of knowledge about our education system give these students an initial disadvantage. As these students proceed throughout school, insufficient resources and weak relationships with school personnel will undermine their academic success. These initial disadvantages will continue to accumulate which will just put these students back even farther. Hispanics are the largest and most rapidly-growing minority group in the United States, yet they have the lowest college completion rate (Lincoln, 2014). With this statistic, it will hinder their chances for stable employment. Being a first-generation Hispanic student, I did not fully understand the challenges that I had ahead. Throughout my college career, there were many ups and downs but not once did quitting cross my mind. For this assignment, I wantedShow MoreRelatedGraduation Speech : A High Quality Education Essay1270 Words   |  6 PagesEquity in Access My mother was determined for all her children graduate from high school so we often moved to various counties in the St. Louis area because she knew a high quality education was based on zip code. 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Almost allRead MoreAnalysis Of Graduation By Maya Angelou960 Words   |  4 PagesEssay on â€Å"Graduation† by Maya Angelou Racial segregation was very dominant in the United States in the mid nineteen hundreds. This is the time that Maya Angelou was graduating from the eighth grade in Stamps Arkansas. The theme of racial segregation is well shown by the how different the schools of the African-Americans was compared to that of whites in the essay â€Å"Graduation† by Maya Angelou. In the essay the Angelou points out that Lafayette County Training School didn’t have a lawn, hedges, tennisRead MoreGraduation by Maya Angelou Critique1386 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 121 SL May 9, 2012 â€Å"Graduation† Critique â€Å"Graduation† was written by Maya Angelou in 1969. Angelou was born in Missouri, but after her parents divorced, she was sent to live with her grandmother in Stamps, Arkansas. While in Arkansas, Angelou attended the Lafayette County Training School. The school is the setting for her essay â€Å"Graduation.† Angelou graduated from eighth grade at Lafayette with top honors and went on to graduate from high school. After high school, Angelou wrote overRead MoreTeaching Human Sexuality in the High School Curriculum1338 Words   |  5 Pages Facts of the Potential Litigation On August of 2011, Chancellor Dennis Walcott announced that all middle and high schools will be required to teach compulsory sexual health education as part of the core curriculum. Required Health classes focusing on human sexuality are provided as mandated at Edward R. Murrow high school. Some of the topics of this course include but are not limited to the following: HIV/AIDS, practicing of safe sex, sexually transmitted diseases, description of both male andRead MoreThe And School Promotion And Graduation Ceremonies1194 Words   |  5 Pageshas been questioned whether a middle school promotion and high school graduation should be allowed to be held in a church. 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Academic and Business Research for Development-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Academic and Business Research for Professional Development. Answer: Introduction Self-reflection is a part of the personal and professional development of human being (Kolb 2014). However, individual's self-reflection enables them to understand their strength and weakness regarding their learning process. However, as professional in the business management domain, it is important for the individuals to understand each aspect of the management team. This assignment focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of the social media marketing in business. Self-reflection of the individuals will be addressed in this section over the learning of the benefits and drawbacks of social networking in the context of business. However, for the personal professional development, it is important an individual to identify the strength and weakness of their existing knowledge. Evaluation of the effectiveness and the usefulness of the learning experience of the individuals Learning experience highlights on the interaction, program and the courses that enable the individuals to gain experience from such processes (Boud et al. 2013). However, the experience can be gathered through theoretical learning and practical learning (Siemens 2014). In order to achieve the goal regarding the educational interaction and learning experience are essential. The assessment 3 is based on the assessment 1 and 2 that reveal the advantages and the disadvantages of the social networking in the business. From the learning of previous assessments, the individual is able to improve their knowledge regarding the benefits and the drawbacks of the social media in the business. As a management student, I am able to understand that social media networking enables the employees to maximize their internal communication and they are able to share their knowledge with other. Hence, identification of these advantages of using the social network in the business improves my learning exper ience. However, the major drawbacks of social media are also addressed in the previous studies, which give me new learning experience regarding the use of social network. Learning experience is valuable for the individuals to give them a clear concept regarding their learning (Savery 2015). Regarding me study of impact of social media marketing in business will enable me to identify the advantages and disadvantages of this modern marketing tool. Learning experience leads the individuals to apply their skill practically that is developed from the theoretical knowledge. From the assessment, 1 and 2 I have gained knowledge over the application of social media marketing that will be helpful in my professional life in near future. Benefits of the different learning process Course is a process includes a certain time to learn something new (Fisher et al. 2014). However, as a management student my management course is helpful for me to understand the various aspects of the management in order to develop my skill and knowledge. On the other hand, program like different educational programs are beneficial to enhance the knowledge of the people (Kasemsap 2016). According to me the previous studies reveal a brief knowledge about the advantages and the disadvantages of the social media application. This knowledge will be helpful more me to develop me personally and professionally in the coming future. In order to make me as a good management executive in future such learning experience is useful. In future as a marketing executive, I need to understand the social marketing as it is a modern tool of the marketing. On the other hand, for the application of social media marketing I need to understand the advantages and disadvantages of it in order to maximize the business performance. Hence, such knowledge that I have obtained from the study of assessment 1 and 2 will enable me to access the social media networking in the business in near future. Thus, such learning experience is beneficial for me to enhance my career in the professional sectors. Therefore, I will apply this knowledge to minimize the error in my work in the professional sectors. Discussion of the phases that occur in the learning process A learning process includes various stages like observation, listening and evaluation of various things (Boud et al. 2014). According to me, during the learning process of the application of social media network in business I have acquired a brief knowledge regarding this topic. During this learning process I have reviewed various journals to collect authentic data regarding the benefits and challenges of social media marketing in context of business. Therefore, I get knowledge by reading these articles and is able to make a clear understanding of the positive and negative impact of social network in business. However, I have a little idea of the benefits of social network in the business that increases by carrying out such business research. Therefore, I have watched many videos regarding the benefits and drawbacks of the social media in business. On the other hand, discussion with the seniors who are associated with the marketing enables me to improve my existing knowledge. On the other hand, observation of the other works those are related to the marketing filed will allow me to gather much knowledge about the effect of social media marketing on business. Evaluation of the learning process Business research regarding any topic is helpful for the individuals to enhance their business knowledge (Anand et al. 2016). As per my viewpoint, the research regarding the advantages and disadvantages of the social media network in business is beneficial for my research learning process. The objective of the previous project is to underpin the benefits and drawbacks of the social media application in the business. Hence, this is the main learning thing of this current research. However, such business research enables me to get an overview of the impact of social networking in the business. The benefits that are identified in the business research include employee motivation, effective communication, enhancement of the brand awareness and prompt marketing in the business. On the other hand, the drawbacks of the social media marketing include technological risk, breach of the confidentiality of the information and insecure application that leave a negative impact on the brand value. Hence, such business research will enable me to improve my learning process during this research by fulfilling the research objectives. I have got a clear concept over the social media marketing tool in the business from the current business research, which enhances my marketing knowledge. 5 Explanation of Own learning process Learning process allows an organization or an individual to develop their existing skill and knowledge. Continuous learning minimizes the knowledge gap that makes the individuals more effective (Dragan et al. 2017). However, I have achieved a transparent overview regarding the positive and negative impact of social network on business performance. Previously I have made a business project over the impact of digital marketing on business performance, which can be related to this present topic. However, social media is a part of digital marketing for this reason such current study will enable me to improve my existing knowledge that I have got through the study of the effect of digital marketing on business. According to the popular view current study can improve the existing knowledge or enables an individual to apply their current knowledge in future study (McIver et al. 2016). I feel that assignment 1 and assignment two will be helpful for me to improve my marketing knowledge based on the application of social media network in context of business. The main reason of such particular activities that have conducted in assignment 1 and 2 is to develop an appropriate concept of the modern marketing tool, which has been achieved by analyzing the use social media in business. According to the hypothesis it has been received that social media have both positive and negative effect on the business performance. Application of the learning Knowledge can be achieved by the transformation of the theoretical knowledge into practical knowledge (Lucieer et al. 2016). I have gained experience from the learning process that is based on the pros and cons of the social media marketing in business performance. As a management student it is crucial for me to have a clear idea of the marketing tools that are used in modern era. Hence, social media marketing is the best way of digital marketing and has been using rapidly in the business industries. In order to make myself as a perfect management executive it is vital to understand the pros and cons of the social media marketing before access it. This clear idea will help me to make myself as an effective employee in the marketing department in future. On the other hand, I will be able to share my knowledge with my other colleagues in order to use the social media network in an ethical way. Apart from this such current knowledge will enable me to get appraisal in my professional car eer in coming future. Conclusion The above study represents a self-reflection from the learning experience of the use of social media in the business. However, learning experience helps the individuals to maximize their knowledge by acquiring new knowledge. Hence, in this study, I am able to get a clear idea about the positive and negative impact of the social media network on the business performance. Therefore, such learning experience will enable me to get an opportunity in the professional sectors in future. References Anand, J., Mulotte, L. and Ren, C.R., 2016. Does experience imply learning?.Strategic Management Journal,37(7), pp.1395-1412. Boud, D., Cohen, R. and Sampson, J. eds., 2014.Peer learning in higher education: Learning from and with each other. Routledge. Boud, D., Keogh, R. and Walker, D. eds., 2013.Reflection: Turning experience into learning. Routledge. Dragan, A.D., Gordon, G.J. and Srinivasa, S.S., 2017. Learning from experience in manipulation planning: Setting the right goals. InRobotics Research, pp. 309-326. Fisher, D.H., Pazzani, M.J. and Langley, P. eds., 2014.Concept formation: Knowledge and experience in unsupervised learning. Morgan Kaufmann. Kasemsap, K., 2016. Utilizing social media in modern business. InEncyclopedia of e-commerce development, implementation, and management(pp. 2171-2182). IGI Global. Kolb, D.A., 2014.Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. FT press. Lucieer, S.M., van der Geest, J.N., Eli-Santos, S.M., de Faria, R.M.D., Jonker, L., Visscher, C., Rikers, R.M. and Themmen, A.P., 2016. The development of self-regulated learning during the pre-clinical stage of medical school: a comparison between a lecture-based and a problem-based curriculum.Advances in Health Sciences Education,21(1), pp.93-104. McIver, D., Fitzsimmons, S. and Flanagan, D., 2016. Instructional design as knowledge management: A knowledge-in-practice approach to choosing instructional methods.Journal of Management Education,40(1), pp.47-75. Savery, J.R., 2015. Overview of problem-based learning: Definitions and distinctions.Essential readings in problem-based learning: Exploring and extending the legacy of Howard S. Barrows,9, pp.5-15. Siemens, G., 2014. Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age.

Experiences of Autism Acceptance and Mental Health

Question: Discuss about the Experiences of Autism Acceptance and Mental Health. Answer: Introduction: Humber Library has a prestigious legacy for the variety of books, journals and other reading materials that it offers to its enthusiastic readers. Every moth there is a theme dedicated to important issue. For the month of April, the theme is spring, earth week and acceptance of autism. Spring symbolizes new life, bloom and beacon of hope for the regeneration of new thoughts and resurgence of decayed leaves. Earth week denotes the conveyance of gratitude to Earth its selfless contributions. Earth Day began on April 22, 1970 by Denis Hayes, US Senator Gaylord Nelson and Paul Elrich (Hughes Thomson, 2016). The Earth week is about understanding the role of the environment in sustaining life and therefore, the imperative for concerted effort to protect it. Autism refers to the communication and social interaction difficulties in individuals (Cage, Di Monaco Newell, 2018). Children and person with autism requires our sensitive attitude and loving care and there need to be awareness to pr omote acceptance for autism. Compounding all these ideas and issues together, the library has curated a n attractive list of books for the month of April. For the given theme, we have a list of acuminous book that would inspire the readers to imbibe the principles of sustenance of the environment and instil in them an awareness of autism. Some of the books are Listening Walk by Paul Showers which is an evocative literature on the father-daughter stroll in their neighbourhood to understand the environment better. Another book that will definitely attract the readers are Thinking in pictures: My life with autism by Temple Grandin. Apart from these other books in display will be Autism spectrum disorder: The complete guide to understanding autism, autism adulthood: Strategies and insights for a fulfilling life, Uniquely Human: A different way of seeing Autism, Plants vs. Meats, Eyes wide open, Climate changed, Unstoppable: Harnessing science to change the world and Silent Spring. References Cage, E., Di Monaco, J., Newell, V. (2018). Experiences of autism acceptance and mental health in autistic adults.Journal of autism and developmental disorders,48(2), 473-484. Hughes, R. E., Thomson, S. L. (2016). The First Earth Day, 1970: Examining Documents to Teach About Civic Engagement.Social Studies and the Young Learner,28(3), 11-14.

Risk Factors for Deliberate Self

Introduction Deliberate self-harm is one of the fields in research that have received little attention from scholars and academicians in general. This is despite the fact that this behavior is becoming more evident among youths and especially college going students.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Risk Factors for Deliberate Self-Harm among College Students: Article Review specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are several factors that have been identified by the few studies that have been conducted in this field as being the major causes of this kind of behavior. It is against this backdrop that three scholars from the University of Massachusetts at Boston carried out a self-report study that sought to identify and analyze the risk factors behind deliberate self-harm among college students in the United States of America. This is a review of the article that the three scholars (Gratz, Conrad Roemer, 2002) wrot e to report on the findings of their study. This review will specifically address three aspects of the article and the study that is reported therein. The first will be the construct of the investigation, where the operationalization of the construct will be addressed. The second will be the methods used in the study, with specific analysis of the research design, the independent and dependent variables. The last will be the results of the study, where an outline of the statistical methods that the three scholars used will be analyzed. Construct of the Investigation In a study, a construct can be viewed as the concept that the study revolves around, or the concept that is addressed by the study. The researcher conceptualizes the construct by refining it and rendering it a conceptual and theoretical definition (Atkinson, 2008). After conceptualization, the researcher then goes ahead and conducts operationalization of the construct. Here, the investigator makes the conceptual definiti on of the construct more specific by creating a link between it and an indicator (Atkinson, 2008).Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In Gratz, Conrad Roemer (2002), the construct of their study is â€Å"deliberate self-harm† among college students. This is the concept that is addressed by this study. They conceptualize this construct as the â€Å"deliberate, direct destruction or alteration of body tissue† (Gratz et al, 2002: p128) where the individual harbors no conscious intent to commit suicide. This action on the part of the individual leads to injuries that may be so severe as to cause tissue damage. Gratz et al (2002) operationalize their construct by linking it to several indicators that they refer to as the risk factors to deliberate self-harm. The investigators operationalize deliberate self-harm by making the assertion that it is the kind of outcome that is li kely to be brought about by four risk factors in the life of the individual. These are childhood separation and loss, physical and sexual abuse in childhood, quality of attachment to caregivers and dissociation (Gratz et al, 2002: p130). Methods used in the Study Gratz et al (2002) used a self-report design to carry out their study. This is whereby the respondents were given questionnaires to complete on their own. The questionnaires contained questions designed to make the respondents report on their opinions, views and status regarding several attributes that the researchers were interested in (Atkinson, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Risk Factors for Deliberate Self-Harm among College Students: Article Review specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As far as the research design of the study is concerned, the three scholars used a sample of 133 students drawn from undergraduate psychology courses in the univ ersity (Gratz et al, 2002). The participants were given a questionnaire with several measures to complete. These included the deliberate self-harm inventory measure, the abuse and perpetration inventory, the disruptions in attachment survey, the parental bonding index among others (Gratz et al, 2002). The study also had both independent and dependent variables. The independent variable in the study is â€Å"deliberate self-harm† among the respondents. The independent variable in this case is attribute in nature. This is given the fact that the researchers did not manipulate it during the study (Atkinson, 2008). The study has four dependent variables or criterion measures. These are the risk factors that the researchers identify as the ones leading to deliberate self-harm. These are childhood physical and sexual abuse, childhood separation and loss, perceived quality of attachment to caregivers and finally, dissociation (Gratz et al, 2002: p130). Results of the Study One of th e significant findings of this study is the prevalence of self-harm among the respondents. 38 percent of the students reported that they had a history of self-harm (Gratz et al, 2002: p132). Several statistical methods were used by the three investigators in this study. This included correlational analysis to determine the link between deliberate self-harm frequency and each of the four risk factors that had been identified. Most of the risk factors that had been identified were found to be significantly correlated with the frequency of deliberate self-harm (Gratz et al, 2002).Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The scholars also carried out a multiple regression analysis to determine the unique predictive value of each of the identified risk factors. Other variables within this model were controlled. The risk factors were found to be significantly related to deliberate self-harm among the respondents. Conclusion This review focused on the article reporting the findings of a self-report study carried out by three scholars from the University of Massachusetts at Boston. The scholars were interested in the analysis of risk factors for deliberate self-harm among college students in the United States of America, taking the university as their sample group. The scholars identified four risk factors and designed a study aimed at finding out the relationship between them and deliberate self-harm. These were childhood abuse, dissociation, childhood separation and loss, and attachment to caregivers such as parents. References Atkinson, R. L. (2008). Essentials of social research. 2nd ed. New York: F ree Press. Gratz, K. L., Conrad, S. D., Roemer, L. (2002). Risk factors for deliberate self-harm among college student. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 72(1), 128-140. This report on Risk Factors for Deliberate Self-Harm among College Students: Article Review was written and submitted by user Scarlett N. to help you with your own studies. 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